{"id":2889,"date":"2026-05-10T15:02:42","date_gmt":"2026-05-10T12:02:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/?page_id=2889"},"modified":"2026-05-10T15:02:42","modified_gmt":"2026-05-10T12:02:42","slug":"the-punitive-cell-solitary-confinement-at-the-intersection-of-criminology-law-and-human-rights","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/?page_id=2889","title":{"rendered":"The Punitive Cell: Solitary Confinement at the Intersection of Criminology, Law, and Human Rights"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>DOI: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2026.13.2.1\">10.46340\/eppd.2026.13.2.1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmytro Yagunov, Attorney at Law, D.Sc. in Political Science, Ph.D. in Public Administration, MSSc in Criminal Justice, Associate Professor, Merited Lawyer of Ukraine<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Eberhard Karls University, Vasyl Stus Donetsk National University<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/2026-13-2\/03.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2167\" src=\"http:\/\/eppd13.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/icon72-pdf-eppd.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"72\" height=\"72\" data-id=\"2167\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>How to cite: <\/em><\/strong>Yagunov, D. (2025). The Punitive Cell: Solitary Confinement at the Intersection of Criminology, Law, and Human Rights. <em>Evropsk\u00fd politick\u00fd a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed diskurz, 13, 2,<\/em> 5-44. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2026.13.2.1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2026.13.2.1<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Solitary confinement \u2013 the isolation of a prisoner from meaningful human contact for twenty-two or more hours per day \u2013 remains one of the most institutionally resilient practices in contemporary penology. This article proceeds from a methodological repositioning: the question of whether solitary confinement is harmful has been definitively resolved. Its destructive impact upon physical and mental health, its failure to achieve any declared penological objective, and its role in provoking self-harm, suicide, and psychological disintegration constitute an empirical axiom. The central inquiry shifts to the structural: why, despite more than a century of clinical and criminological evidence, does solitary confinement remain embedded in prison systems worldwide?<\/p>\n<p>The article integrates doctrinal analysis of ECtHR jurisprudence and CPT standards and reports, empirical synthesis across criminology and psychiatry, comparative legislative analysis across multiple jurisdictions, and critical-theoretical interpretation drawing on Foucault, Cohen, and Bauman. It reconstructs the normative architecture governing isolation \u2013 including the CPT\u2019s PLANN framework and the doctrinal arc from Ramirez Sanchez v. France (2006) to the structural incompatibility principle in Schmidt and \u0160migol v. Estonia (2023) \u2013 situating this within the logic of carceral power.<\/p>\n<p>Three undeclared functions sustain the practice: neutralisation of surplus populations, disciplinary terror as a mechanism of internal governance, and symbolic affirmation of state sovereignty. The article also analyses terminological substitution as a structural evasion mechanism, informal prison hierarchies in post-Soviet and comparable systems, and the political economy of punishment as an obstacle to reform. It concludes that solitary confinement persists not because it is effective, but because it is institutionally convenient \u2013 as a disciplinary instrument, a political symbol, and a substitute for systemic reform deferred by resource constraints and electoral calculation.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Keywords:<\/strong><\/em> solitary confinement, isolation in detention, penology, carceral state, social control, informal prison hierarchies, vulnerable populations, recidivism, political economy of punishment, prison reform.<\/p>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Barkway, K., &amp; Turcotte, A. (2022). Solitary Confinement in British Columbia, Canada. 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(2018). \u2018Behind the\u00a0Door\u2019: Solitary Confinement in the\u00a0Irish Penal System. <em>Irish Penal Reform Trust<\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iprt.ie\/site\/assets\/files\/6439\/solitary_confinement_web.pdf\">www.iprt.ie\/site\/assets\/files\/6439\/solitary_confinement_web.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Medley, Petitioner<\/em>, 134 U.S. 160 (1890).<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Messina v. Italy<\/em> (No. 2). App. No. 25498\/94 (ECHR 2000).<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Morris, R. (2015). Exploring the\u00a0Effect of\u00a0Exposure to Short-Term Solitary Confinement Among Violent Prison Inmates. <em>Journal of\u00a0Quantitative Criminology<\/em>, <em>32<\/em>, 10.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">National Institute of\u00a0Justice (2016). <em>Restrictive Housing in the\u00a0U.S.: Issues, Challenges, and Future Directions. U.S. Department of\u00a0Justice, Office of\u00a0Justice Programs<\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ojp.gov\/pdffiles1\/nij\/grants\/249013.pdf\">www.ojp.gov\/pdffiles1\/nij\/grants\/249013.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">New York Advisory Committee to the\u00a0U.S. Commission on Civil Rights (2014). <em>The Solitary Confinement of\u00a0Youth in New York: A Civil Rights Violation. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights<\/em>. December.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Penal Reform International (2022). <em>Deaths in Prison: Examining Causes, Responses, and Prevention of\u00a0Deaths in Prison Worldwide.<\/em> December.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.penalreform.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Deaths-in-prison-briefing.pdf\">https:\/\/cdn.penalreform.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Deaths-in-prison-briefing.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Public Safety Canada (2024). <em>Solitary Confinement and the\u00a0Structured Intervention Units in Canada\u2019s Penitentiaries: The Final Report of\u00a0the\u00a0SIU IAP. De<\/em>cember 5. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.publicsafety.gc.ca\/cnt\/rsrcs\/pblctns\/2024-siu-iap-sltry-cnfnmnt\/index-en.aspx\">www.publicsafety.gc.ca\/cnt\/rsrcs\/pblctns\/2024-siu-iap-sltry-cnfnmnt\/index-en.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Pullen-Blasnik, H., et al. (2021). The Population Prevalence of\u00a0Solitary Confinement. <em>Science Advances<\/em>, <em>7(48)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Ramirez Sanchez v. France [GC]<\/em>, No. 59450\/00, ECHR 2006-IX (July 4, 2006).<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Reiter, K. (2018). The International Persistence and Resilience of\u00a0Solitary Confinement. <em>O\u00f1ati Socio-legal Series<\/em>, <em>8(2)<\/em>, 247-266.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Rubin, A. (2021). <em>Solitary Confinement in Nineteenth-Century Prisons. Fifteeneightyfour: Academic Perspectives from Cambridge University Press.<\/em> February 25.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/cambridgeblog.org\/2021\/02\/solitary-confinement-in-nineteenth-century-prisons\/\">https:\/\/cambridgeblog.org\/2021\/02\/solitary-confinement-in-nineteenth-century-prisons\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Rubin, A., &amp; Reiter, K. (2018). Continuity in the\u00a0Face of\u00a0Penal Innovation: Revisiting the\u00a0History of\u00a0American Solitary Confinement. <em>Law &amp; Social Inquiry<\/em>, <em>43(4)<\/em>, 1604-1632.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><em>Segregated Confinement<\/em>, Assemb. B. 280, 2023-2024 Reg. Sess. (Cal. 2023).<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=https:\/\/leginfo.legislature.ca.gov\/faces\/billCompareClient.xhtml%3Fbill_id%3D202320240AB280\">https:\/\/leginfo.legislature.ca.gov\/faces\/billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB280<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Shalev, S. (2008). <em>A Sourcebook on Solitary Confinement.<\/em> Mannheim Centre for Criminology: London School of\u00a0Economics and Political Science.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Shalev, S. (2022). 30 Years of\u00a0Solitary Confinement: What Has Changed, and What Still Needs to Happen. <em>Torture Journal<\/em>, <em>32(1-2)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Silverthorn, R., &amp; Zgoba, K. (2024). Unlocking the\u00a0Truth: Exploring the\u00a0Impacts of\u00a0Solitary Confinement on Recidivism and the\u00a0Need for Mental Health Support for Individuals With Mental Illnesses. <em>American Journal Of Criminal Justice<\/em>, <em>49(1)<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Smith, P. (2019). Solitary Confinement \u2013 Effects and Practices from the\u00a0Nineteenth Century until Today. In: Lobel, J., &amp; Smith, P.S., <em>Solitary Confinement. Effects, Practices, and Pathways Toward Reform<\/em>. Oxford University Press, 21-42.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Sokalska, O. (2025). Penitentiary Systems Evolution in the\u00a0Context of\u00a0Corrective Punishment Ideas Development (16th \u2013 early 19th centuries). <em>Publish Pro.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33663\/978-617-8247-76-8\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33663\/978-617-8247-76-8<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Solitary Watch (2023). <em>Solitary Confinement and Prison Safety (Fact Sheet No. 4).<\/em> February.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/solitarywatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/SW-Fact-Sheet-4-Prison-Safety-v230228.pdf\">https:\/\/solitarywatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/SW-Fact-Sheet-4-Prison-Safety-v230228.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Solitary Watch (2025). <em>Frequently Asked Questions About Solitary Confinement.<\/em><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/solitarywatch.org\/facts\/faq\">https:\/\/solitarywatch.org\/facts\/faq<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Solitary Watch (2026). <em>Fact Sheet: Solitary Confinement and the\u00a0Law.<\/em><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/solitarywatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/06\/FACT-SHEET-Solitary-Confinement-and-the-Law1.pdf\">https:\/\/solitarywatch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/06\/FACT-SHEET-Solitary-Confinement-and-the-Law1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">South Africa (1998). Correctional Services Act 111 of\u00a01998. <em>Government Gazette<\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/correctional-services-act\">www.gov.za\/documents\/correctional-services-act<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Strafvollzugsgesetz (1976). <em>[StVollzG]<\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/stvollzg\/__89.html\">www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/stvollzg\/__89.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Strong, J., et al. (2020). 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The Istanbul Statement on the\u00a0Use And Effects of\u00a0Solitary Confinement. <em>International Psychological Trauma Symposium.<\/em> December 9. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.solitaryconfinement.org\/_files\/ugd\/Istanbul\/_expert\/_statement\/_on\/_sc.pdf\">www.solitaryconfinement.org\/_files\/ugd\/Istanbul\\_expert\\_statement\\_on\\_sc.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The Prison Rules (1999). <em>England and Wales (SI 1999\/728).<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/1999\/728\/article\/45\/made\">www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/1999\/728\/article\/45\/made<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">UN Committee against Torture (2017). C<em>oncluding Observations on the\u00a0Second Periodic Report of\u00a0Ireland<\/em>. 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Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment: Interim Report of\u00a0the\u00a0Special Rapporteur on Torture (A\/66\/268). August 5. <a href=\"https:\/\/undocs.org\/en\/A\/66\/268\">https:\/\/undocs.org\/en\/A\/66\/268<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Weinreich, S. (2022). <em>Slow Tampering: A History of\u00a0Solitary Confinement:<\/em> <em>Doctoral Dissertation<\/em>. Princeton University. <a href=\"http:\/\/arks.princeton.edu\/ark:\/88435\/dsp019306t2530\">http:\/\/arks.princeton.edu\/ark:\/88435\/dsp019306t2530<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Yagunov, D. (2010). Crisis of\u00a0the\u00a0Rehabilitation Ideal in the\u00a0Research of\u00a0Robert Martinson and Its Significance for\u00a0the\u00a0Modern Penal Policy. <em>South Ukrainian Law Journal, 4<\/em>, 28-30.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Yagunov, D. (2023). A Simulacrum of\u00a0Prison Subculture in the\u00a0Practices of\u00a0the\u00a0European Court of\u00a0Human Rights and the\u00a0European Committee for the\u00a0Prevention of\u00a0Torture. <em>Evropsky\u0301 politicky\u0301 a\u00a0pr\u00e1vn\u00ed diskurz <\/em>[European Political and Law Discourse], <em>10(2)<\/em>, 13-32.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>DOI: 10.46340\/eppd.2026.13.2.1 Dmytro Yagunov, Attorney at Law, D.Sc. in Political Science, Ph.D. in Public Administration, MSSc in Criminal Justice, Associate Professor, Merited Lawyer of Ukraine Eberhard Karls University, Vasyl Stus Donetsk National University How to cite: Yagunov, D. (2025). The Punitive Cell: Solitary Confinement at the Intersection of Criminology, Law,&#8230; <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/?page_id=2889\"> Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr; <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2887,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2889","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2889","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2889"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2889\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2890,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2889\/revisions\/2890"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2887"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2889"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}