{"id":2826,"date":"2026-01-11T21:44:29","date_gmt":"2026-01-11T19:44:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/?page_id=2826"},"modified":"2026-01-11T22:04:00","modified_gmt":"2026-01-11T20:04:00","slug":"formal-empire-informal-hierarchies-carceral-violence-and-naturalness-of-russias-presence-as-imperial-strategy-the-army-and-prison-as-tools-of-russian-neo-imperialism","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/?page_id=2826","title":{"rendered":"Formal Empire, Informal Hierarchies, Carceral Violence, and \u2018Naturalness\u2019 of Russia&#8217;s Presence as Imperial Strategy (The Army And Prison as Tools of Russian Neo-Imperialism)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>DOI: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2025.12.6.1\">10.46340\/eppd.2025.12.6.1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmytro Yagunov, D.Sc. in Political Science, Ph.D. in Public Administration, MSSc in Criminal Justice, Merited Lawyer of Ukraine<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Eberhard Karls University, Vasyl Stus Donetsk National University<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/2025-12-6\/03.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2167\" src=\"http:\/\/eppd13.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/icon72-pdf-eppd.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"72\" height=\"72\" data-id=\"2167\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>How to cite: <\/em><\/strong>Yagunov, D. (2025). Formal Empire, Informal Hierarchies, Carceral Violence, and \u2018Naturalness\u2019 of Russia&#8217;s Presence as Imperial Strategy (The Army And Prison as Tools of Russian Neo-Imperialism). <em>Evropsk\u00fd politick\u00fd a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed diskurz, 12, 6,<\/em> 5-42. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2025.12.6.1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2025.12.6.1<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This article examines the Russian military and state apparatus through the lens of systemic violence, prison culture, and neo-imperial ideology. The author argues that Russian imperialism represents a continuous 500-year project of colonial expansion driven by a carceral logic permeating military organisation, governance, and society. The analysis traces how informal prison hierarchies (ponyatiya) and military hazing (dedovshchina) function as governance mechanisms, creating a \u2018carceral-prison state\u2019 where violence is not dysfunction but essential structure. The study documents Russia&#8217;s 200+ colonial wars, the weaponisation of ethnic minorities as \u2018colonial infantry\u2019, the systematic torture in filtration camps, and the transformation of the military into a predatory caste system during the Ukraine invasion. Key findings reveal how prisoner recruitment, private military companies (Wagner, Redut), and barrier troops maintain hierarchical control through extrajudicial executions, sexual violence, and forced conscription. The work demonstrates that the Russian Orthodox Church theology sanctifies warfare, creating \u2018Z-Orthodoxy\u2019 as imperial ideology. The author challenges Western as sumptions about Russian decline, arguing instead for adaptive imperialism that modernises control mechanisms through systematic violence. The conclusion advocates for comprehensive decolonisation \u2013 dismantling the Russian Federation&#8217;s territorial integrity \u2013 as the only viable security solution, since the system&#8217;s path-dependency on violence makes genuine liberalisation structurally impossible. The analysis synthesises historical sociology, institutional ethnography, postcolonial theory, and human rights documentation to reveal Russia not as a reformable nation-state but as a persistent imperial formation requiring fundamental transformation.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Keywords:<\/strong><\/em> Russian imperialism, torture culture, Wagner PMC, Russian World ideology, ethnic hierarchies, military hazing, systemic violence, colonial infantry, dedovshchina, ponyatiya.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Ackeret, M. 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Russia<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng#{&quot;itemid&quot;:[&quot;001-142516&quot;]}\">https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng#{&#8220;itemid&#8221;:[&#8220;001-142516&#8221;]}<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Petkova, M. (2022). \u2018Putin is Using Ethnic Minorities to Fight in Ukraine\u2019. <em>Al Jazeera<\/em>.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2022\/10\/25\/russia-putin-is-using-ethnic-minorities-to-fight-in-ukraine\">www.aljazeera.com\/features\/2022\/10\/25\/russia-putin-is-using-ethnic-minorities-to-fight-in-ukraine<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Petrenko, R. (2023). Ethnic Conflict Brewing in Russian Army Between Tuvans and Ethnic Russians. <em>Ukrainska Pravda <\/em>[Ukrainian Truth]. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pravda.com.ua\/eng\/news\/2023\/10\/29\/7426246\/\">www.pravda.com.ua\/eng\/news\/2023\/10\/29\/7426246\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Pikul, V. (2024). <em>Katorga<\/em> [Penal Servitude]. Moscow: Veche Publishing House.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">President of\u00a0Russian Federation (2018). <em>Ukaz Prezidenta Rossijskoj Federacii ot 30.07.2018 \u2116 456 \u201cO zamestitele Ministra oborony Rossijskoj Federacii\u00a0\u2013 nachalnike Glavnogo voenno-politicheskogo upravleniya Vooruzhennykh Sil Rossijskoj Federacii\u201d <\/em>[Decree of\u00a0the\u00a0President of\u00a0the\u00a0Russian Federation No. 456 of\u00a030 July 2018 \u201cOn the\u00a0Deputy Minister of\u00a0Defence of\u00a0the\u00a0Russian Federation\u00a0\u2013 Head of\u00a0the\u00a0Main Military-Political Directorate of\u00a0the\u00a0Armed Forces of\u00a0the\u00a0Russian Federation\u201d]. <a href=\"http:\/\/publication.pravo.gov.ru\/Document\/View\/0001201807300081\">http:\/\/publication.pravo.gov.ru\/Document\/View\/0001201807300081<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Prison Studies (2025). World Prison Brief\u00a0\u2013 Russia. <em>Prison Studies<\/em>.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.prisonstudies.org\/country\/russian-federation\">www.prisonstudies.org\/country\/russian-federation<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Putin, V. (2021). Ob istoricheskom edinstve russkikh i ukraintsev [\u2018On the\u00a0Historical Unity of\u00a0Russians and Ukrainians\u2019]. <em>President Rossii<\/em> [President of\u00a0Russia]<em>.<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/kremlin.ru\/events\/president\/news\/66181\">http:\/\/kremlin.ru\/events\/president\/news\/66181<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Real (2025). V Orenburge upravlyayushchego restoranom oshtrafovali na 150 000 rublej za listovki s khramom Vasiliya Blazhennogo, gde vmesto kupolov byli khinkali [In Orenburg, a\u00a0Restaurant Manager Was Fined 150,000 Roubles for Leaflets Featuring St. Basil&#8217;s Cathedral, Where the\u00a0Domes were Replaced with Khinkali]. <em>Idel Real<\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.idelreal.org\/a\/v-orenburge-upravlyayuschego-restoranom-oshtrafovali-na-150-000-rubley\/33618937.html\">www.idelreal.org\/a\/v-orenburge-upravlyayuschego-restoranom-oshtrafovali-na-150-000-rubley\/33618937.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Real Time (2022). <em>\u2018The Most Problematic Factor for the\u00a0Bashkir Language is the\u00a0Preschool and School Education System\u2019<\/em><em>.<\/em><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/realnoevremya.ru\/articles\/258826-statya-o-sostoyanii-bashkirskogo-yazyka\">https:\/\/realnoevremya.ru\/articles\/258826-statya-o-sostoyanii-bashkirskogo-yazyka<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Research Centre for Crime and Armed Conflicts (2025). <em>Georgy Burkov: \u2018Kill me, but Stalinism is a\u00a0Disease\u2026\u2019 <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.crime-war.info\/2025\/12\/11\/burkov\">www.crime-war.info\/2025\/12\/11\/burkov<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Roth, A. (2022). \u2018It\u2019s a\u00a0100% Mobilisation\u2019: Day One of\u00a0Russia\u2019s Drive to Build its Army. <em>The Guardian<\/em>.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/sep\/22\/russia-mobilisation-ukraine-war-army-drive\">www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/sep\/22\/russia-mobilisation-ukraine-war-army-drive<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Ryall, J. (2025). What Will Happen to North Korean POWs in Ukraine? <em>Deutsche Welle<\/em>.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/russias-war-in-ukraine-what-will-happen-to-north-korean-pows\/a-71311726\">www.dw.com\/en\/russias-war-in-ukraine-what-will-happen-to-north-korean-pows\/a-71311726<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Ryskov, M. (2007). Zagradotryady i shtrafniki: pravda i vymysly [Barrier Troops and Penal Battalions: Truth and Fiction]. <em>Belaruskaya dumka<\/em> [Belarusian Thought]<em>, 6<\/em>, 144-145.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Shevchenko, V. (2023). Ukraine War: Russia Goes Back to Prisons to Feed its War Machine. <em>BBC Monitoring<\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-67175566\">www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-67175566<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Sidorzhevsky, M. (2025). Merz: Putin Wants to Restore the\u00a0USSR and Will not Stop at Ukraine. <em>Deutsche Welle<\/em>.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dw.com\/uk\/merc-putin-pragne-vidnoviti-srsr-i-ne-zupinitsa-na-ukraini\/a-75149585\">www.dw.com\/uk\/merc-putin-pragne-vidnoviti-srsr-i-ne-zupinitsa-na-ukraini\/a-75149585<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Strauss, J. (2025). Murderers and Torturers\u00a0\u2013 Why Are Russian Troops So Bestial? <em>The Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA).<br \/>\n<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/cepa.org\/article\/murderers-and-torturers-why-are-russian-troops-so-bestial\">https:\/\/cepa.org\/article\/murderers-and-torturers-why-are-russian-troops-so-bestial<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Tabarovsky, I. (2025). Russia\u2019s Indigenous Communities and the\u00a0War in Ukraine. <em>The Russia File<\/em>.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/blog-post\/russias-indigenous-communities-and-war-ukraine\">www.wilsoncenter.org\/blog-post\/russias-indigenous-communities-and-war-ukraine<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The Diplomatic Service of\u00a0the\u00a0European Union (2025). Russia: Statement by the\u00a0Spokesperson on the\u00a0Withdrawal from the\u00a0European Convention for the\u00a0Prevention of\u00a0Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. <em>EEAS Press Team<\/em>.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.eeas.europa.eu\/eeas\/russia-statement-spokesperson-withdrawal-european-convention-prevention-torture-and-inhuman-or_en\">www.eeas.europa.eu\/eeas\/russia-statement-spokesperson-withdrawal-european-convention-prevention-torture-and-inhuman-or_en<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The Moscow Times (2025). <em>Russian Deputy Governor Arrested on Corruption Charges After Stepping Down to Fight in Ukraine<\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.themoscowtimes.com\/2025\/09\/30\/russian-deputy-governor-arrested-on-corruption-charges-after-stepping-down-to-fight-in-ukraine-a90670\">www.themoscowtimes.com\/2025\/09\/30\/russian-deputy-governor-arrested-on-corruption-charges-after-stepping-down-to-fight-in-ukraine-a90670<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The UN Refugee Agency (2004).\u00a0 The Wrongs of\u00a0Passage: Inhuman and Degrading Treatment of\u00a0New Recruits in\u00a0the\u00a0Russian Armed Forces. <em>The UN Refugee Agency<\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.refworld.org\/reference\/countryrep\/hrw\/2004\/en\/40013\">www.refworld.org\/reference\/countryrep\/hrw\/2004\/en\/40013<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Ukrainian National News (2024). <em>North Korean Soldiers Suffered Their First Casualties in Kursk and Took Kadyrov&#8217;s Men with Them.<br \/>\n<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/unn.ua\/ru\/news\/voennie-iz-kndr-ponesli-pervie-poteri-na-kurshchine-i-zabrali-s-soboi-kadirovtsev\">https:\/\/unn.ua\/ru\/news\/voennie-iz-kndr-ponesli-pervie-poteri-na-kurshchine-i-zabrali-s-soboi-kadirovtsev<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Ulan Media (2025). Snajper iz Buryatii v zone SVO spas tovarishcha cenoj svoej zhizni [A Sniper from Buryatia in the\u00a0Special Military Operation Zone Saved his Comrade at the\u00a0Cost of\u00a0his Own Life]. <em>Ulan Media<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/ulanmedia.ru\/news\/2175932\">https:\/\/ulanmedia.ru\/news\/2175932<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations (2025). UN Commission of\u00a0Inquiry on Ukraine Finds Additional Evidence of\u00a0Common Patterns of\u00a0Torture by Russian Authorities.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/press-releases\/2024\/09\/un-commission-inquiry-ukraine-finds-additional-evidence-common-patterns\">www.ohchr.org\/en\/press-releases\/2024\/09\/un-commission-inquiry-ukraine-finds-additional-evidence-common-patterns<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Varlamov, I. (2020). Kak Rossiya zhivyot \u201cpo ponyatiyam\u201d, ili pochemu tak populyarno AUE [How Russia Lives \u2018By the\u00a0Code,\u2019 or Why \u2018AUE\u2019 is so Popular]. <em>Varlamov Ru<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/varlamov.ru\/4054475.html\">https:\/\/varlamov.ru\/4054475.html<\/a> [in Russian].<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Vedomosti (2022). <em>Putin obyasnil slova \u00abterpi, moya krasavitsa\u00bb<\/em> [Putin Explained the\u00a0Words \u2018Be Patient, My Beauty\u2019].<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vedomosti.ru\/politics\/news\/2022\/02\/10\/908783-putin-obyasnil-slova\">www.vedomosti.ru\/politics\/news\/2022\/02\/10\/908783-putin-obyasnil-slova<\/a> [in Russian].<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Vesti Chuvashii (2021). Oleg Nikolaev zayavil o nedopustimosti prinuzhdeniya v vybore rodnogo yazyka dlya izucheniya [Oleg Nikolaev Stated That Coercion in the\u00a0Choice of\u00a0Native Language for Study is Unacceptable]. <em>Vesti Chuvashii<\/em> [News of\u00a0Chuvashia].<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/chgtrk.ru\/novosti\/obrazovanie\/oleg-nikolaev-zayavil-o-nedopustimosti-prinujdeniya-v-vybore-rodnogo-yazyka-dlya-izucheniya\">https:\/\/chgtrk.ru\/novosti\/obrazovanie\/oleg-nikolaev-zayavil-o-nedopustimosti-prinujdeniya-v-vybore-rodnogo-yazyka-dlya-izucheniya<\/a> [in Russian].<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Wasielewski, P. (2023). The Roots of\u00a0Russian Military Dysfunction. <em>Foreign Policy Research Institute<\/em>.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fpri.org\/article\/2023\/03\/the-roots-of-russian-military-dysfunction\">www.fpri.org\/article\/2023\/03\/the-roots-of-russian-military-dysfunction<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Windhausen, J. (2023). Russian Colonial Wars. <em>EBSCO Information Services<\/em>.<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/russian-colonial-wars\">www.ebsco.com\/research-starters\/history\/russian-colonial-wars<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Yagunov, D. (2025a). <em>Penitentsiarna polityka yak skladova sotsialnoho kontroliu: mizh penolohichnym pesymizmom ta reabilitatsiinoiu paradyhmoiu<\/em> [Prison Policy as\u00a0a\u00a0Component of\u00a0Social Control: Between Penological Pessimism and the\u00a0Rehabilitation Paradigm]. T\u00fcbingen-Odessa. [in Russian].<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Yagunov, D. (2025b). Russian Criminal and Prison Culture: Historical Background, Importation in the\u00a021st Century, and the\u00a0Wagner Phenomenon. <em>European Political and Law Discourse<\/em>, <em>12(5)<\/em>, 5-43.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>DOI: 10.46340\/eppd.2025.12.6.1 Dmytro Yagunov, D.Sc. in Political Science, Ph.D. in Public Administration, MSSc in Criminal Justice, Merited Lawyer of Ukraine Eberhard Karls University, Vasyl Stus Donetsk National University How to cite: Yagunov, D. (2025). Formal Empire, Informal Hierarchies, Carceral Violence, and \u2018Naturalness\u2019 of Russia&#8217;s Presence as Imperial Strategy (The Army&#8230; <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/?page_id=2826\"> Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr; <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2822,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2826","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2826","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2826"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2826\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2849,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2826\/revisions\/2849"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2822"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2826"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}