{"id":2451,"date":"2024-09-05T21:38:01","date_gmt":"2024-09-05T18:38:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/?page_id=2451"},"modified":"2024-11-18T21:34:05","modified_gmt":"2024-11-18T19:34:05","slug":"un-practice-in-protecting-human-rights-during-armed-conflicts","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/?page_id=2451","title":{"rendered":"UN Practice in Protecting Human Rights During Armed Conflicts"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>DOI: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.4.2\">10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.4.2<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Volodymyr Lysyk, PhD in Law<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine<\/em><br \/>\n<strong>Khrystyna Shperun<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Kherson State University, Ukraine<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/2024-11-4\/04.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2167\" src=\"http:\/\/eppd13.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/icon72-pdf-eppd.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"72\" height=\"72\" data-id=\"2167\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>How to cite: <\/em><\/strong>Lysyk, V., &amp; Shperun, K. (2024). UN Practice in Protecting Human Rights During Armed Conflicts. <em>Evropsk\u00fd politick\u00fd a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed diskurz, 11, 4,<\/em> 16-26. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.4.2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.4.2<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This article examines the critical role of the United Nations (UN) in shaping the mechanisms for protecting human rights during armed conflicts, focusing on three interconnected aspects. First, it explores the UN&#8217;s influence on the evolution of international legal frameworks, particularly the development of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Human Rights Law (IHRL). These frameworks have been crucial in addressing the complexities of human rights protection amidst the chaos of warfare. The UN&#8217;s involvement has not only helped establish these norms but also promoted their implementation in various conflict scenarios, thereby contributing to a more humane conduct of hostilities. On the other hand, the UN&#8217;s approach to this issue has given rise to a number of problems and raised questions that have not been resolved to date.<\/p>\n<p>The article also pays considerable attention to examining UN practice on the issue of the interrelation between IHL and IHRL. It analyzes the ongoing debate regarding the applicability and precedence of these legal frameworks in UN practice. The article as well discusses the differing views on whether IHL, as the lex specialis, should override IHRL during armed conflicts, or whether both should be applied complementarily. This discussion highlights the challenges in ensuring that human rights are upheld even in the dire circumstances of war, where the balance between military necessity and humanitarian considerations is constantly tested.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, the article addresses the responsibility of armed groups that commit massive human rights violations during armed conflicts, particularly when these groups are under the control of a state. It examines the legal implications of state responsibility for the actions of such groups, as outlined by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and other bodies of UN. The article also considers the challenges in holding states accountable, given the complex nature of modern armed conflicts where non-state actors play a significant role.<br \/>\nFocusing on these three aspects, the authors argue that in recent decades there has been a clear trend of convergence between IHL and IHRL in the field of human rights protection during armed conflicts, and this has been largely facilitated by the practice of the UN and especially the International Court of Justice.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Keywords:<\/strong> <\/em>International Human Rights Law, IHRL, International Humanitarian Law, IHL, human rights, armed conflict, International Court of Justice, strict control, effective control.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Draper, Colonel G. I. A. D. (1971). The Relationship Between the Human Rights Regime and the Law<br \/>\nof Armed Conflict. <em>Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, 1,<\/em> 191-207. <a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/display\/book\/edcoll\/9789004422827\/BP000014.xml\">https:\/\/brill.com\/display\/book\/edcoll\/9789004422827\/BP000014.xml<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Droege, C. (2008). Elective Affinities? Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. <em>International Review of the Red Cross, 90 (871),<\/em> 501-548.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">European Court of Human Rights (2011). <em>Georgia Against Russia, Decision.<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/sites\/eng\/pages\/search.aspx?i=001-108097\">http:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/sites\/eng\/pages\/search.aspx?i=001-108097<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Fortin, K. (2012). Complementarity Between the ICRC and the United Nations and International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law, 1948-1968. <em>International Review of the Red Cross, 94 (888),<br \/>\n<\/em>1433-1454.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Henckaerts, J.-M., &amp; Doswald-Beck, L. (2005). Customary International Humanitarian Law. Oxford, <em>I,<\/em> 37. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/reference\/research\/icrc\/2005\/en\/98261\">https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/reference\/research\/icrc\/2005\/en\/98261<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (1999). Coard et al. v. United States, Case 10.951, Report No. 109\/99. <a href=\"http:\/\/hrlibrary.umn.edu\/cases\/us109-99.html\">http:\/\/hrlibrary.umn.edu\/cases\/us109-99.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">International Committee of the Red Cross (1864). <em>Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded <\/em><em>in Armies in the Field<\/em>. Geneva. <a href=\"https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/en\/ihl-treaties\/gc-1864\">https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/en\/ihl-treaties\/gc-1864<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">International Court of Justice (1986). <em>Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v.\u00a0United States of America).<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/case\/70\">https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/case\/70<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">International Court of Justice (1996). Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons. <em>ICJ Reports<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/95\/095-19960708-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf\">https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/95\/095-19960708-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">International Court of Justice (2004). <em>Advisory Opinion on Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in\u00a0the Occupied Palestinian Territory.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/131\/131-20040709-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf\">https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/131\/131-20040709-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">International Court of Justice (2005). <em>Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/default\/files\/case-related\/116\/116-20051219-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf\">https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/sites\/ default\/files\/case-related\/116\/116-20051219-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">International Court of Justice (2011). <em>Case Concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination<\/em><em> of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, Georgia v. Russian Federation, Preliminary Objections, Judgment<\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/docket\/files\/140\/16398.pdf\">http:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/docket\/files\/140\/16398.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">International Law Commission (2001). <em>Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/legal.un.org\/ilc\/texts\/instruments\/english\/draft_articles\/9_6_2001.pdf\">https:\/\/legal.un.org\/ilc\/texts\/instruments\/english\/draft_articles\/9_6_2001.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Islam, M. (2018). The Historical Evolution of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) from Earliest Societies to\u00a0Modern Age. <em>Beijing Law Review, 9 (2),<\/em> 294-307.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Kolb, R. (1998). The Relationship Between International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law: A Brief History of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1949 Geneva Conventions. <em>International Review of the Red Cross, 324,<\/em> 409-420.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Lysyk, V. (2012). <em>Pravovyi status Mizhnarodnoho komitetu Chervonoho Khresta u mizhnarodnomu pravi<\/em> [Legal Status of the International Committee of the Red Cross in International Law]. Odesa. [in Ukrainian].<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Meyrowitz, H. (1972). Le droit de la guerre et les droits de l\u2019homme [The Law of War and Human Rights].<br \/>\n<em>Revue du droit public et de la science politique en France et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger<\/em> [Review of Public Law and Political Science in France and Abroad], <em>88,<\/em> 1059-1104. [in French].<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Miche, J. (1956). Sur les origines du jus gentium [On the Origins of Jus Gentium]. <em>Revue internationale des droits de l&#8217;Antiquit\u00e9<\/em> [International Journal of Ancient Law], <em>3,<\/em> 313-348. [in French].<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Parry, V. J., &amp; Yapp, M. (1975). <em>War, Technology and Society in the Middle East<\/em>. London.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Petrig, A., &amp; Gei\u00df, R. (2011). <em>Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea: The Legal Framework for Counter-Piracy Operations in Somalia and the Gulf of Aden<\/em>. Oxford.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Pictet, J. (1984). <em>Development and Principles of International Humanitarian Law<\/em>. Leiden.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Pilloud, C. (1949). La D\u00e9claration Universelle des Droits de l\u2019Homme et les Conventions Internationales prot\u00e9geant les victimes de la guerre [The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Conventions Protecting Victims of War]. <em>Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge <\/em>[International Review of the Red Cross], <em>364,<\/em> 252-258. [in French].<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Sch\u00e4fer, B. (2006). <em>Zum Verh\u00e4ltnis Menschenrechte und humanit\u00e4res V\u00f6lkerrecht: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur exterritorialen Geltung von Menschenrechtsvertr\u00e4gen<\/em> [On the Relationship Between Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law: At the Same Time a Contribution to the Extraterritorial Validity of Human Rights Treaties]. Potsdam. [in German].<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Suter, K. D. (1976). An Inquiry into the Meaning of the Phrase &#8220;Human Rights in Armed Conflict&#8221;. <em>Revue de droit p\u00e9nal<\/em><em> militaire et de droit de la guerre<\/em> [Review of Military Criminal Law and the Law of War], <em>15(3-4),<\/em> 393-439.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Talmon, S. (2009). The Various Control Tests in the Law of State Responsibility and the Responsibility of Outside Powers for Acts of Secessionist. <em>The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 58 (3),<\/em> 493-517.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1999). <em>Prosecutor v. Du\u0161ko Tadi\u0107 (Appeal Judgment).<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icty.org\/x\/cases\/tadic\/acdec\/en\/020730.htm%20\">https:\/\/www.icty.org\/x\/cases\/tadic\/acdec\/en\/020730.htm%20<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Todeschini, V. (2018). Investigations in Armed Conflict: Understanding the Interaction Between International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law. In: De Hert, P., Smis, S., &amp; Holvoet, M. (eds.) <em>Convergences and Divergences Between International Human Rights, International Humanitarian and International Criminal Law<\/em>. Intersentia. <a href=\"https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3209279\">https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3209279<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Kingdom House of Lords (2007). <em>Judgments &#8211; Al-Skeini and others (Respondents) v. Secretary of State for Defence (Appellant) Al-Skeini and others (Appellants) v. Secretary of State for Defence (Respondent) (Consolidated Appeals)<\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.publications.parliament.uk\/pa\/ld200607\/ldjudgmt\/jd070613\/skeini-1.htm\">http:\/\/www.publications.parliament.uk\/pa\/ld200607\/ldjudgmt\/jd070613\/skeini-1.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1987). <em>Resolution 1987\/58<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/legal\/resolution\/unchr\/1987\/en\/29290\">https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/legal\/resolution\/unchr\/1987\/en\/29290<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations General Assembly (1968). <em>Resolution 2444 (XXIII) of the United Nations General Assembly<\/em><em>.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/202681?v=pdf\">https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/202681?v=pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations General Assembly (1970). <em>Resolution 2675 (XXV) of the United Nations General Assembly<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/201888?ln=ru&amp;v=pdf\">https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/201888?ln=ru&amp;v=pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations General Assembly (1990). <em>Resolution 45\/170: The Situation of Human Rights in Occupied Kuwait<\/em><em>.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/105563?ln=ru&amp;v=pdf\">https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/105563?ln=ru&amp;v=pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations General Assembly (1999). <em>Resolution 54\/182<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/documents.un.org\/doc\/undoc\/gen\/n00\/314\/42\/pdf\/n0031442.pdf\">https:\/\/documents.un.org\/doc\/undoc\/gen\/n00\/314\/42\/pdf\/n0031442.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations General Assembly (2001). <em>Resolution 56\/83<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/documents.un.org\/doc\/undoc\/gen\/n01\/477\/97\/pdf\/n0147797.pdf\">https:\/\/documents.un.org\/doc\/undoc\/gen\/n01\/477\/97\/pdf\/n0147797.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations Human Rights Committee (2001). <em>General Comment No. 29: Article 4: Derogations during a State of Emergency<\/em><em>.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/legal\/general\/hrc\/2001\/en\/30676\">https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/legal\/general\/hrc\/2001\/en\/30676<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations Human Rights Committee (2004). <em>General Comment No. 31 (80): The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant<\/em><em>.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/533996?v=pdf\">https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/533996?v=pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations Human Rights Committee (2010). <em>Replies of the Government of Israel to the List of Issues (CCPR\/C\/ISR\/Q\/3\/) to be Taken up in Connection with the Consideration of the Third Periodic Report of Israel (CCPR\/C\/ISR\/3)<\/em><em>.<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/www2.ohchr.org\/english\/bodies\/hrc\/hrcs99.htm\">http:\/\/www2.ohchr.org\/english\/bodies\/hrc\/hrcs99.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations Security Council (1995). <em>Resolution 1019<\/em><em>.<\/em> <a href=\"http:\/\/unscr.com\/en\/resolutions\/1019%20\">http:\/\/unscr.com\/en\/resolutions\/1019<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations Security Council (1995). <em>Resolution 1034<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/201297?ln=en&amp;v=pdf\">https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/201297?ln=en&amp;v=pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations Security Council (1998). <em>Resolution 1216 (1998) of 21 December 1998<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/266323?v=pdf\">https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/266323?v=pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations Security Council (1999). <em>Resolution 1265<\/em><em>.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/285718\">https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/285718<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations Security Council (2000a). <em>Resolution 1291<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/408364?ln=en\">https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/408364?ln=en<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations Security Council (2000b). <em>Resolution 1296<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/legal\/resolution\/unsc\/2000\/en\/17148\">https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/legal\/resolution\/unsc\/2000\/en\/17148<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations Security Council (2003). <em>Resolution 1464 (2003) adopted by the Security Council at its 4722nd meeting<\/em><em>.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/486635?v=pdf\">https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/486635?v=pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations Security Council (2004). <em>Resolution 1556<\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/unscr.com\/en\/resolutions\/1556\">http:\/\/unscr.com\/en\/resolutions\/1556<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations Security Council (2006). <em>Resolution 1738<\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/unscr.com\/en\/resolutions\/1738\">http:\/\/unscr.com\/en\/resolutions\/1738<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations Security Council (2008). <em>Resolution 1828<\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/unscr.com\/en\/resolutions\/1828\">http:\/\/unscr.com\/en\/resolutions\/1828<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations Security Council (2009). <em>Resolution 1894<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/671179\">https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/671179<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations Security Council (2011). <em>Resolution 2003<\/em><em>.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/708268?ln=ar&amp;v=pdf\">https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/708268?ln=ar&amp;v=pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United States (2002). Response of the US to the request for precautionary measures on behalf of the detainees in\u00a0Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, 15 April 2002. <em>International Legal Materials, 41,<\/em> 1015.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United States (2006). <em>Reply of the Government of the USA to the five UNCHR special rapporteurs on detainees in\u00a0Guantanamo Bay.<\/em> Cuba. <a href=\"https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/documents\/organization\/98969.pdf\">https:\/\/2009-2017.state.gov\/documents\/organization\/98969.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Yasuaki, O. (2000). When was the Law of International Society Born? &#8211; An Inquiry of the History of International Law from an Intercivilizational Perspective. <em>Journal of the History ot International Law, 2 (1)<\/em>, 1-66.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Yong, H. L. (2013). Reviews on the Concept of Effective Control in International Legal Cases and with Regard to\u00a0Dokdo. <em>Ocean and Polar Research, 35 (4),<\/em> 313-322.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>DOI: 10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.4.2 Volodymyr Lysyk, PhD in Law Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine Khrystyna Shperun Kherson State University, Ukraine How to cite: Lysyk, V., &amp; Shperun, K. (2024). UN Practice in Protecting Human Rights During Armed Conflicts. Evropsk\u00fd politick\u00fd a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed diskurz, 11, 4, 16-26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.4.2 &nbsp; Abstract&#8230; <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/?page_id=2451\"> Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr; <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2437,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2451","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2451","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2451"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2451\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2518,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2451\/revisions\/2518"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2437"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2451"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}