{"id":2394,"date":"2024-07-14T19:20:37","date_gmt":"2024-07-14T16:20:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/?page_id=2394"},"modified":"2024-07-14T19:20:37","modified_gmt":"2024-07-14T16:20:37","slug":"informal-hierarchies-in-modern-prisons-nature-manifestations-and-threats-to-human-rights","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/?page_id=2394","title":{"rendered":"Informal Hierarchies in Modern Prisons: Nature, Manifestations, and Threats to Human Rights"},"content":{"rendered":"

DOI: <\/strong>10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.3.3<\/a><\/p>\n

Dmytro Yagunov, D.Sc. in Political Science; PhD in Public Administration, Member of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT), Member of the Confederation of European Probation (CEP), Member of the Howard League for Penal Reform<\/strong>
\nEberhard Karls University of T\u00fcbingen, T\u00fcbingen,Germany<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

How to cite: <\/em><\/strong>Yagunov, D. (2024). Informal Hierarchies in Modern Prisons: Nature, Manifestations, and Threats to Human Rights. Evropsk\u00fd politick\u00fd a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed diskurz, 11, 3,<\/em> 24-42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.3.3<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n

The modern discourse of informal prison hierarchies, which is limited only to classic categories like \u2018violence\u2019, \u2018ill-treatment\u2019, and \u2018inter-prisoner violence\u2019, is not sufficient for the complex analysis of contemporary person landscapes in prisons. For the purposes of preventing ill-treatment and inter-prison violence, it is necessary to have a broader look at the nature of these phenomena, where such a broader approach demands considering the economic and political aspects of informal hierarchies in modern prisons, as well as the issues of corruption.<\/p>\n

From the European perspective, there is a sharp distinction between prison landscapes in post-Soviet and other states. In many European states, prison violence is a sphere of personal relations and personal habits of individual prisoners. In contrast, post-Soviet prisons have hierarchical and well-organised violence based on illegal economic activities, black markets, and extortion of money from prisoners. The latter situation is typical for post-Soviet states. Here, following our conclusions, we can take the pessimistic approach that in most post-Soviet jurisdictions, the State lost control over the prison system as it must be controlled according to contemporary international human rights standards. There is no doubt that such a State controls its prison system but does it for the aims of legitimized criminality, increasing the level of restrictions for prisoners. Finally, informal prison hierarchies undermine totally the main feature of the criminal law, namely the aims of criminal punishment. Instead of rehabilitation, incapacitation, protection of society and deterrence, we have only deterrence, but not the deterrence of potential offenders but the illegal deterrence of prisoners aimed at forcing them to join or at least to support informal prison hierarchies. The amalgamation of criminal and prison subcultures creates a very dangerous trend that also undermines basic principles of the protection of society, which are declared to be protected by the criminal justice system. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official position of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) or any other organizations with which the author is affiliated.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/strong><\/em> prison, prison system, torture, ill-treatment, informal prison hierarchies, organised crime, prison rituals, total institutions, prison gangs.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

Association for the Prevention of Torture (2024). Inter-Detainee Violence<\/em>.
\nhttps:\/\/www.apt.ch\/knowledge-hub\/dfd\/inter-detainee-violence<\/a><\/p>\n

Butler, M., Slade, G., & Dias, C. (2018). Self-Governing Prisons: Prison Gangs in an International Perspective. Trends in Organized Crime, 25(10),<\/em> 427-442. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12117-018-9338-7<\/a><\/p>\n

Christie, N. (1986). The Ideal Victim. In: Fattah, E. A. (eds.) From Crime Policy to Victim Policy: Reorienting the\u00a0Justice System. <\/em>New York: St Martin\u2019s Press, 17-30.<\/p>\n

Council of Europe (1997). Report to the Government of Cyprus on the Visit to Cyprus Carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 2 to\u00a09 November 1992<\/em> (CPT\/Inf (97) 5 [Part 1]). https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices\/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=0900001680695594<\/a><\/p>\n

Council of Europe (2008). Report on the Visit to Cyprus Carried Out by the European Committee for the Prevention<\/em> of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 8 to 17 December 2004 <\/em>(CPT\/Inf (2008) 17).<\/em> https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/1680695598<\/a><\/p>\n

Council of Europe (2017). Report to the Slovenian Government on the Visit to Slovenia Carried out by the European<\/em> Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 28 March to 4 April 2017<\/em> (CPT\/Inf (2017) 27). (2017). https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/pdf\/168074adf9<\/a><\/p>\n

Council of Europe (2018). Report to the Government of Cyprus on the Visit to Cyprus Carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<\/em> (CPT) (CPT\/Inf (2018) 16). https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/16807bf7b4<\/a><\/p>\n

Council of Europe (2018). Report to the Government of Cyprus on the Visit to Cyprus Carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<\/em> (CPT) from 2 to 9 February 2017 (CPT\/Inf (2018) 16). https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/16807bf7b4<\/a><\/p>\n

Council of Europe (2018). Report to the Government of the Republic of Moldova on the Visit to the Republic of\u00a0Moldova carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 5 to 11 June 2018<\/em> (CPT\/Inf (2018) 49). https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/16809022b9<\/a><\/p>\n

Council of Europe (2019). Report to the Georgian Government on the Visit to Georgia Carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment <\/em>(CPT) from 10 to 21 September 2018 (CPT\/Inf (2019) 16). https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/1680945eca<\/a><\/p>\n

Council of Europe (2019). Report to the Romanian Government on the Visit to Romania carried out by the European<\/em> Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 7 to 19 February 2018<\/em> (CPT\/Inf (2019) 7). https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/16809390a6<\/a><\/p>\n

Council of Europe (2020). Report to the Government of the Republic of Moldova on the Visit to the Republic of\u00a0Moldova<\/em> carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 28 January to 7 February 2020<\/em> (CPT\/Inf (2020) 27). https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/16809f8fa8<\/a><\/p>\n

Council of Europe (2020). Report to the Hungarian Government on the Visit to Hungary Carried out by the European<\/em> Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 20 to 29 November 2018<\/em> (CPT\/Inf (2020) 8). https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/16809ce9ec<\/a><\/p>\n

Council of Europe (2021). Report to the Armenian Government on the Visit to Armenia Carried Out by the European<\/em> Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 2 to 12 December 2019<\/em> (CPT\/Inf (2021) 10). https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/1680a29ba1<\/a><\/p>\n

Council of Europe (2022). Report to the Bulgarian Government on the Periodic Visit to Bulgaria Carried Out by\u00a0the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<\/em> (CPT) from 1 to 13 October 2021 (CPT\/Inf (2022) 20). (2022). https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/report-to-the-bulgarian-government-on-the-periodic-visit-to-bulgaria-c\/1680a88ec1<\/a><\/p>\n

Council of Europe (2022). Report to the Georgian Government on the Ad Hoc Visit to Georgia carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<\/em> (CPT) from 17 to 24 May 2021 (CPT\/Inf (2022) 11). https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/1680a6eabd<\/a><\/p>\n

Council of Europe (2022). Report to the United Kingdom Government on the Periodic Visit to the United Kingdom carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or\u00a0Punishment (CPT) from 8 to 21 June 2021<\/em> (CPT\/Inf (2022) 13). https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/1680a72b71<\/a><\/p>\n

Council of Europe (2023). 32nd General Report of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Reliefweb.<\/em> https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/world\/32nd-general-report-cpt-european-committee-prevention-torture-and-inhuman-or-degrading-treatment-or-punishment-1-january-31-december-2022<\/a><\/p>\n

Council of Europe (2023). Report to the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Ad Hoc Visit to Bosnia and Herzegovina Carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 17 to 27 September 2021<\/em> (CPT\/Inf (2023) 08). https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/1680ab30e9<\/a><\/p>\n

Council of Europe (2023). Report to the Lithuanian Government on the Periodic Visit to Lithuania Carried out by\u00a0the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 10 to 20 December 2021<\/em> (CPT\/Inf (2023) 01). https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/1680aa51af<\/a><\/p>\n

Council of Europe (2023). Report to the Moldovan Government on the Ad Hoc Visit to the Republic of Moldova Carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or\u00a0Punishment (CPT) from 5 to 13 December 2022<\/em> (CPT\/Inf (2023) 27). (2023). https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/1680ac59d8<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2000). Case of Kud\u0142a v. Poland [GC].<\/em> https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/fre?i=002-7174<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2000). Egmez v. Cyprus.<\/em> http:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng#{“itemid”:[“002-6464”]}<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2001). Case of Z. and Others v. the UK [GC]<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/fre?i=001-59455<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2001). Iwa\u0144czuk v. Poland<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng#{“itemid”:[“001-59884”]}<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2003). Case of Lors\u00e9 and Others v. the Netherlands<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-23725<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2003). Case of Nazarenko v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-61061<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2003). Khokhlich v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-4624<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2004). Case of Krastanov v. Bulgaria<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-23367<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2004). Case of Naumenko v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-125702<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2005). Bekos and Koutropoulos v. Greece<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng#{“itemid”:[“001-67674”]}<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2005). Case of 97 Members of the Gldani Congregation of Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses and 4 others v. Georgia.<\/em> https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/fre#{“fulltext”:[“gldani”],”documentcollectionid2″:[“GRANDCHAMBER”,”CHAMBER”],”itemid”:[“001-80395”]}<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2005). Case of Buglov v. Ukraine<\/em>. http:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng#{“itemid”:[“001-145350”]}<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2005). Case of Davydov and Others v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng#{“itemid”:[“001-99750”]}<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2005). Case of Ostrovar v. Moldova<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-70138<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2006). Case of Jalloh v. Germany<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/fre#{“fulltext”:[“Jalloh”],”itemid”:[“001-76307”]}<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2006). Case of Karabet and Others v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/fre?i=001-204047<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2007). Case of Dybeku v. Albania<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng#{“itemid”:[“001-142326”]}<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2007). Case of Kucheruk v. Ukraine<\/em>.
\nhttps:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=003-2079173-2239633<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2007). Cobzaru v. Romania<\/em>, 26 July 2007, 48254\/99.<\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2008). Case of Kobets v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-85124<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2008). Case of Mehmet Eren v. Turkey<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-88895<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2008). Case of Moiseyev v. Russia<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-88780<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2008). Case of Mur\u0161i\u0107 v. Croatia<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-88780<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2008). Case of Riad and Idiab v. Belgium<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/fre?i=002-2285<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2008). Case of Vladimir Romanov v. Russia<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/fre?i=001-87836<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2008). Case of Yaremenko v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-86885<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2008). Chember v. Russia, European Court of Human Rights, 3 July 2008, 7188\/03. http:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng#{“itemid”:[“002-1952”]}<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2009). A. and Others v. the UK [GC]<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng#{“itemid”:[“002-1647”]}<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2009). Case of Enea v. Italy [GC]<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/fre#{“itemid”:[“001-94072”]}<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2009). Case of Wiktorko v. Poland<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-91990<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2010). Case of Oleksiy Mykhaylovych Zakharkin v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-99626<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2010). Case of Sylenok and \u00abTekhnoservis-Plus\u00bb v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-102090<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2011). Case of Korobov v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-105748<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2011). Case of Teslenko v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-108189<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2012). Case of Aleksakhin v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng#{“itemid”:[“001-112277”]}<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2012). Case of \u0110or\u0111evi\u0107 v. Croatia<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/fre#{“itemid”:[“002-5540”]}<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2012). Case of Piruzyan v. Armenia<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-111631<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2012). Case of Vasiliy Ivashchenko v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=002-6428<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2012). Idalov v. Russia. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng#{“itemid”:[“002-3560”]}<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2013). Case of Sergey Savenko v. Ukraine<\/em>.
\nhttps:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/fre?i=001-127223<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2013). Case of Tarasov v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-127399<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2013). Case of Tymoshenko v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/fre?i=002-7468<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2014). Ashlarba v. Georgia<\/em>.
\nhttps:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng#{“itemid”:[“001-145572”]}<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2014). Case of<\/em> O\u2019Keeffe v. Ireland\u00bb [GC]<\/em>. https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/16805a32bb<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2015). Case of A.V. v. Ukraine<\/em>, 29 January 2015, 65032\/09.<\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2015). Case of Neshkov and Others v. Bulgaria<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=002-10340<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2015). Case of Ogorodnik v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-150791<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2015). Case of Sergey Antonov v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-157970<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2015). Case of Serikov v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-156247<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2015). Case of Ushakov and Ushakova v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng\/?i=001-155199<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2015). Case of Varga and Others v. Hungary<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-152784<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2015). Case of Zelenin v. Russia<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-150316<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2015). Case of Zhyzitskyy v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-152255<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2015). Lunev v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-157967<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2015). Lutsenko v. Ukraine (\u2116 2)<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-168203<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2016). Case of Pomilyayko v. Ukraine<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-160428<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2019). Case of<\/em> Nicolae Virgiliu T\u0103nase v. Romania [GC]<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=002-12518<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2021). Case of Feilazoo v. Malta<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/fre#{“itemid”:[“001-208447”]}<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2021). Case of Gorbatenko v. Ukraine<\/em>, 28 November 2013, 25209\/06.<\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2021). Case of Khachaturov v. Armenia<\/em>.
\nhttps:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=001-210469<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2021). Case of X. and Others v. Bulgaria<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/fre?i=002-13111<\/a><\/p>\n

European Court of Human Rights (2023). Case of S.P. and Others v. Russia<\/em>. https:\/\/hudoc.echr.coe.int\/eng?i=002-14063<\/a><\/p>\n

Goffman, E. (1961). Asylum. Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates.<\/em> New York: Anchor Books Doubleday & Company, Inc. Garden City.<\/p>\n

Haverkamp, R. (2019). Victims of Human Trafficking: Consideration from a Crime Prevention Perspective. In:\u00a0Haverkamp, E. et al. (eds.) What is Wrong with Human Trafficking? Critical Perspectives on the Law. <\/em>London: Hart.<\/p>\n

Irwin, J., & Cressey, D. R. (1962). Thieves, Convicts and the Inmate Culture. Social Problems, 10(2), <\/em>142-155. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/799047<\/a><\/p>\n

Kabinet Ministriv Ukrainy [Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine] (2022). Rozporiadzhennia pro skhvalennia Stratehii reformuvannia penitentsiarnoi systemy na period do 2026 roku ta zatverdzhennia operatsiinoho planu yii realizatsii u 2022-2024 rokakh <\/em>[Order about Strategy on the Reform of the Prison System for the period until 2026 and the approval of the operational plan for its implementation in 2022-2024]. https:\/\/zakon.rada.gov.ua\/laws\/show\/1153-2022-%D1%80#Text<\/a> [in Ukrainian].<\/p>\n

McConville, S. (1981). A History of English Prison Administration, 1,<\/em> 1750-1877. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0008197300113200<\/a><\/p>\n

McConville, S. (2014). Irish Political Prisoners, 1920\u20131962: Pilgrimage of Desolation<\/em>. London: Routledge.
\nDOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203696644<\/a><\/p>\n

McEvoy, K. (2001). Paramilitary Imprisonment in Northern Ireland. Resistance, Management, and Release<\/em>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

McGuire, J. (2018). Understanding Prison Violence: a Rapid Evidence Assessment. Analytical Summary. <\/em>Liverpool University. Her Majesty\u2019s Prison and Probation Service. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240630202027\/https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/5b8e434540f0b67d970b92d5\/understanding-prison-violence.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

Penal Reform International (2023). Global Prison Trends 2023.<\/em>
\nhttps:\/\/cdn.penalreform.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/GPT-2023.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

Skarbek, D. (2011). Governance and Prison Gangs. American Political Science Review, 105(4),<\/em> 702-716.
\nDOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0003055411000335<\/a><\/p>\n

Skarbek, D. (2014) The Social Order of the Underworld: How Prison Gangs Govern the American Penal System.<\/em> Oxford University Press, Incorporated.<\/p>\n

Skarbek, D. (2016). Covenants without the Sword? Comparing Prison Self-Governance Globally. American Political Science Review, 110(4),<\/em> 845-862. DOI:\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0003055416000563<\/a><\/p>\n

Smolej, M. (2010). Constructing Ideal Victims? Violence Narratives in Finnish Crime-Appeal Programming. Crime. Media. Culture, 6,<\/em> 69-70.<\/p>\n

Walklate, S. (2007). Imagining the Victim of Crime<\/em>. Maidenhead: Open University Press.<\/p>\n

Yagunov, D., et al. (2023). Fenomen neformalnykh tyuremnykh iyerarkhiy i symulyakr tyuremnoyi subkultury v\u00a0suchasnykh vladnykh vidnosynakh [The Phenomenon of Informal Prison Hierarchies and the Simulacrum of\u00a0Prison Subculture in Contemporary Power Relations]. Evropsky Politicky a Pravni Diskurz <\/em>[European Political and Law Discourse], 10(4),<\/em> 5-55. DOI:\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2023.10.4.1<\/a> [in Ukrainian].<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

DOI: 10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.3.3 Dmytro Yagunov, D.Sc. in Political Science; PhD in Public Administration, Member of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT), Member of the Confederation of European Probation (CEP), Member of the Howard League for Penal Reform Eberhard Karls University of… Continue reading → <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2385,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2394","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2394","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2394"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2394\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2397,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2394\/revisions\/2397"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2385"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2394"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}