{"id":2392,"date":"2024-07-14T19:18:33","date_gmt":"2024-07-14T16:18:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/?page_id=2392"},"modified":"2024-07-14T19:18:33","modified_gmt":"2024-07-14T16:18:33","slug":"transitional-justice-as-an-efficient-mechanism-for-overcoming-the-consequences-of-armed-conflicts-world-experience","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/?page_id=2392","title":{"rendered":"Transitional Justice as an Efficient Mechanism for Overcoming the Consequences of Armed Conflicts: World Experience"},"content":{"rendered":"

DOI: <\/strong>10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.3.2<\/a><\/p>\n

Svitlana Naumkina, ScD in Political Science<\/strong>
\nThe State Institution \u201cSouth Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky\u201d, Odesa, Ukraine<\/em>
\nOleksii Kokoriev, ScD in Political Science<\/strong>
\nState University of Intellectual Technologies and Communications, Odesa, Ukraine<\/em>
\nHanna Yatvetska, PhD in Social Science<\/strong>
\nState University of Intellectual Technologies and Communications, Odesa, Ukraine<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

How to cite: <\/em><\/strong>Naumkina, S., Kokoriev, O., & Yatvetska, H. (2024). Transitional Justice as an Efficient Mechanism for Overcoming the Consequences of Armed Conflicts: World Experience. Evropsk\u00fd politick\u00fd a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed diskurz, 11, 3,<\/em> 13-23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.3.2<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n

Transitional justice mechanisms can take many forms, including truth commissions, local courts and traditional methods of justice, as well as the creation of a Special Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression against Ukraine. International tribunals and special courts for past crimes are neglected because of their less significant role at the moment. A feature of modern armed conflicts is their cross-border nature, and the regional and global character of the displacement of population fleeing the Russian-Ukrainian conflict vividly demonstrates this tendency. Attempts to introduce a regional approach to restorative transitional justice, which takes the form of extrajudicial mechanisms such as truth commissions, should be acknowledged. Considering the experience of five countries, it is important to ensure the active participation of victims in the process, strengthen reparations measures, ensure the implementation of recommendations and increase the transparency and accountability of commissions. Amnesty laws can also play an important role in restoring public confidence in the justice system. National legislation should be improved as much as possible in the conditions of armed conflict and meet the expectations of victims and civil society. The approach to transitional justice in Ukraine includes various mechanisms aimed at ensuring justice, reconciliation and restoration. It is appropriate to borrow the experience of Colombia, where special amnesty conditions were created for criminals after the conflict. They rebuilt schools, hospitals and other infrastructure facilities, substituting criminal liability for participation in the restoration of what they themselves had destroyed. Amnesty can be applied to persons who have committed minor offences, but in the case of serious crimes, amnesty cannot be considered as a possible option and the opinion of the affected persons must be taken into account. The lack of jurisdiction of the ICC over the crime of aggression in the case of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the impossibility of bringing the military and political leadership of the aggressors to justice exclusively through national mechanisms prompted the establishment of the Special Tribunal. The use of national, hybrid and international institutions will contribute to the formation of national narratives and the strengthening of the rule of law. The implementation of these mechanisms will ensure the inevitability of punishment, help in the reintegration of the occupied territories and the restoration of the sovereignty of Ukraine. The dynamics of public opinion in Ukraine demonstrate growing support for international and national justice mechanisms for prosecution of war crimes, as well as skepticism about the possibility of receiving reparations from Russia. These processes have a significant impact on the political system of Ukraine and the world order, contributing to stability and peaceful resolution of conflicts.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/strong><\/em> transitional justice, Transitional Justice Models, war crimes, armed conflicts, international law, public opinion, justice, world order, political process, world political system.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/p>\n

Asaala, E., & Dicker, N. (2013). Transitional justice in Kenya and the UN Special Rapporteur on Truth and Justice: where to from here? African Human Rights Law Journal, 13(2),<\/em> 324-355. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240630175025\/https:\/\/scielo.org.za\/scielo.php?pid=S1996-20962013000200005&script=sci_abstract<\/a><\/p>\n

Avocats Sans Fronti\u00e9res (2021). Reparation to Victims of International Crimes in the Democratic Republic of Congo<\/em>, a Major Challenge to Fight Against Impunity<\/em>. Brussels: Avocats Sans Fronti\u00e9res. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231202153150\/https:\/\/asf.be\/reparation-to-victims-of-international-crimes-in-the-democratic-republic-of-congo-a-major-challenge-in-the-fight-against-impunity\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Bahinskyi, A. V. (2019). Pravosuddia perekhidnoho periodu: poniattia ta funktsii [Transitional Justice:
\nConcepts and Functions]. Visnyk NTUU \u00abKPI\u00bb. Politolohiia. Sotsiolohiia. Pravo<\/em> [Bulletin of NTUU “KPI”. Politology. Sociology. Law], 4 (44),<\/em> 74-78. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20535\/2308-5053.2019.4(44).199361<\/a>
\n[in Ukrainian].<\/p>\n

Cant\u00fa Rivera, H. (2014). Transitional Justice, Human Rights and the Restoration of Credibility:
\nReconstructing Mexico\u2019s Social Fabric. Mexican Law Review, 7(1),<\/em> 57-81.
\nDOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1870-0578(16)30008-7<\/a><\/p>\n

Cassese, A. (1999). The Statute of the International Criminal Court: Some Preliminary Reflections. European Journal<\/em> of International Law, 10,<\/em> 144-171. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240414204507\/http:\/\/ejil.org\/pdfs\/10\/1\/570.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

Ceva, E., & Murphy, C. (2022). Interactive Justice in Transitional Justice: a Dynamic Framework. American Journal of Political Sciences, 66, 3,<\/em> 762-774. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajps.12663<\/a><\/p>\n

CMI (n.d.). Introduction to Transitional Justice. Lessons for Sudan<\/em>. https:\/\/www.cmi.no\/resources\/181-the-courts-and-transitional-justice<\/a><\/p>\n

Cuevas, V. E., Ortiz Rojas, R. L., & Baeza, P. R. (2002). Executive Summary by Claudia Gerez Czitrom. Truth Commissions: an Uncertain Path? Comparative study of truth commissions in Argentina, Chile, El Salvador, Guatemala and South Africa from the perspectives of victims, their relatives, human rights organizations and experts<\/em>. Geneva. https:\/\/www.files.ethz.ch\/isn\/103018\/Truth_Comm_Executive_Summary.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

David, R. (2017) What we know about transitional justice: survey and experimental evidence. Advances in Political<\/em> Psychology, 38(1),<\/em> 151-177. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pops.12395<\/a><\/p>\n

De Assis, E. F. (2023). Transitional Justice, Military Forces and Public Security in Brazil: Failures in The Institutional Reforms Dimension. SciELO Preprints.<\/em> DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/SciELOPreprints.6884<\/a><\/p>\n

Freeman, M. (2022). Negotiating Amnesties, Peace and Justice: a New Path. IFIT.<\/em> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231210071919\/https:\/\/ifit-transitions.org\/commentaries\/negotiating-amnesties-peace-and-justice-a-new-path\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Gissel, L. E. (2022). The Standardisation of Transitional Justice. European Journal of International Relations, 28(4), <\/em>859-884. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13540661221120980<\/a><\/p>\n

Horne, C. M. (2023). Accountability for Atrocity Crimes in Ukraine: Gendering Transitional Justice. Women’s Studies International Forum, 96<\/em>. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wsif.2022.102666<\/a><\/p>\n

International Centre for Transitional Justice (2013). ICTJ Program Report: Reparative Justice.<\/em> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231010104127\/https:\/\/www.ictj.org\/news\/ictj-program-report-reparative-justice<\/a><\/p>\n

JustTalk (2022). Amnistiia i proshchennia yak elementy rozbudovy myru pislia zbroinoho konfliktu | justtalk_context<\/em> [Amnesty and Forgiveness as Elements of Building Peace after an Armed Conflict Yusttalk_Tsontekht]. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240224063630\/https:\/\/justtalk.com.ua\/post\/amnistiya-i-proschennya-yak-elementi-rozbudovi-miru-pislya-zbrojnogo-konfliktu–justtalk_context-tekstova-versiya<\/a> [in Ukrainian].<\/p>\n

Kasapas, G. (2008). An Introduction to the Concept of Transitional Justice: Western Balkans and EU Conditionality. UNISCI Discussion Papers, 18.<\/em> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221024150204\/https:\/\/www.ucm.es\/data\/cont\/media\/www\/pag-72511\/UNISCI%20DP%2018%20-%20KASAPAS.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

Kiss, C. (2008). We Are Not Like Us Transitional Justice: The (Re)construction of Post-communist Memory.
\nIWM Junior Visiting Fellows\u2019 Conference Proceedings, XXI, <\/em>1-15. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240630170843\/https:\/\/files.iwm.at\/jvfc\/21_2_Kiss.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

Koruts, U. (2023). Legal Aspects of Creating Special International Tribunal for the Crime of Russian Aggression against Ukraine. Political and Legal Studies, 2 (1),<\/em> 11-17. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240630170549\/https:\/\/czasopisma.marszalek.com.pl\/images\/pliki\/cpls\/5\/cpls501.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

Kostovicova, D. (2018). Transitional Justice and Conflict Studies: Bridging the Divide. Journal of Global Security Studies<\/em>. http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/89710\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Kovalko, N. (2022). Myr: otsinka stanu ta osnovopolozhnykh pryntsypiv rozbudovy (na prykladi rosiisko-ukrainskoi viiny) [Peace: Assessment of the State and Fundamental Principles of Development (on the Example of The Russian-Ukrainian War]. Evropsk\u00fd Politick\u00fd a Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed Diskurz<\/em> [European Political and Law Discourse], 9, 6, <\/em>5-12.
\nDOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2022.9.6.1<\/a> [in Ukrainian].<\/p>\n

Krotoszynski, M. (2014). The Transitional Justice Models and the Justifications of Means of Dealing with the Past. O\u00f1ati Socio-Legal Series, 6(3),<\/em> 584-606. https:\/\/opo.iisj.net\/index.php\/osls\/article\/view\/463<\/a><\/p>\n

Kuzmenko, V., & Kuzmenko, H. (2024). Problems of Protecting Rights of Violent Crimes Victims: Aspects
\nof the Harmonization Process of Ukrainian Law with EU Law. Evropsk\u00fd Politick\u00fd a Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed Diskurz<\/em> [European Political and Law Discourse], 11, 2,<\/em> 51-61. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.2.5<\/a><\/p>\n

Laplante, L. J. (2009). Outlawing Amnesty: The Return of Criminal Justice in Transitional Justice Schemes. Journal of International Law, 49<\/em>(<\/em>4<\/em>)<\/em>,<\/em> 915-984. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221122170018\/http:\/\/www.antoniocasella.eu\/restorative\/Laplante_2009.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

Lutsenko, B. (2023). Zarubizhnyi dosvid realizatsii okremykh elementiv perekhidnoho pravosuddia v konteksti kryminolohichnoho zabezpechennia deokupatsii terytorii Ukrainy [Foreign Experience in the Implementation of Certain Elements of Transitional Justice in the Context of Criminological Support for the De-Occupation of\u00a0the Territory of Ukraine]. Visnyk Kryminolohichnoi asotsiatsii Ukrainy<\/em> [Bulletin of the Criminological Association of Ukraine], 30(3),<\/em> 273-284. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32631\/vca.2023.3.23<\/a> [in Ukrainian].<\/p>\n

Martynenko, O., & Semorkina, O. (2020). Amnistiia ta liustratsiia: mekhanizmy perekhidnoho pravosuddia dlia maibutnoho Ukrainy. <\/em>Ohliad mizhnarodnoi praktyky ta natsionalnoho zakonodavstva)<\/em> [Amnesty and Lustration: Mechanisms of Transitional Justice for the Future of Ukraine. Overview of International Practice and National Legislation)]. Kyiv: National Platform. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240214215039\/http:\/\/www.ucipr.org.ua\/publicdocs\/amnesty2020.pdf<\/a>
\n[in Ukrainian].<\/p>\n

Mobekk, E. (2009). Chapter 9. Transitional Justice in Post-Conflict Societies \u2013 Approaches to Reconciliation. In:\u00a0After<\/em> Intevention: Public Security Management in Post-Conflict Societies \u2013 From Intervention to\u00a0Sustainable Local<\/em> Ownership<\/em>.<\/em> Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220120233124\/https:\/\/www.bundesheer.at\/pdf_pool\/publikationen\/10_wg12_psm_100.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

Myrnyi, M. (2021). Yak ukraintsi stavliatsia do perekhidnoho pravosuddia \u2013 sotsiolohichne doslidzhennia [How\u00a0do Ukrainians Feel about Transitional Justice \u2013 A Sociological Study]. Zmina<\/em> [Change].<\/em> https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240529161912\/https:\/\/zmina.info\/articles\/doslidnyky-rozpovily-pro-stavlennya-ukrayincziv-do-perehidnogo-pravosuddya\/<\/a> [in Ukrainian].<\/p>\n

Open Society Justice Initiative (2019). Vybir zarady spravedlyvosti: posibnyk zi stvorennia mekhanizmiv prytiahnennia<\/em> do vidpovidalnosti za naitiazhchi zlochyny<\/em> [Choices for Justice: A Guide to Creating Accountability Mechanisms for the Most Serious Crimes]. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221015130613\/https:\/\/www.irf.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/tom_ii_web.pdf<\/a> [in Ukrainian].<\/p>\n

Opora (2023). Analitychnyi zvit za pidsumkamy opytuvannia \u00abViina, myr, peremoha, maibutnie\u00bb <\/em>[Analytical Report Based on the Results of the Survey “War, Peace, Victory, Future”]. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240507100032\/https:\/\/www.oporaua.org\/viyna\/analitichnii-zvit-za-pidsumkami-opituvannia-viina-mir-peremoga-maibutnie-24828<\/a> [in Ukrainian].<\/p>\n

Osiel, M. (1997). Mass Atrocity, Collective Memory, and the Law<\/em>. New Jercy: Transaction Publishers.<\/p>\n

Razumkov Center (2020). Faktor hromadskoi dumky u formuvanni polityky vrehuliuvannia rosiisko-ukrainskoho konfliktu: mozhlyvosti ta ryzyky<\/em> [The Factor of Public Opinion in the Formation of the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict Settlement Policy: Opportunities and Risks]. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240524173109\/https:\/\/razumkov.org.ua\/uploads\/article\/2020_donbas.pdf<\/a> [in\u00a0Ukrainian].<\/p>\n

Razumkov Center (2024). Otsinka hromadianamy zovnishnoi polityky vlady, efektyvnosti mizhnarodnoi pidtrymky ta vplyvu zovnishnopolitychnykh chynnykiv na Ukrainu (sichen 2024 r.)<\/em> [Citizens’ Assessment of the Government’s Foreign Policy, the Effectiveness of International Support and the Impact of Foreign Policy Factors on Ukraine (January 2024)]. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240624192143\/https:\/\/razumkov.org.ua\/napriamky\/sotsiologichni-doslidzhennia\/otsinka-gromadianamy-zovnishnoi-polityky-vlady-efektyvnosti-mizhnarodnoi-pidtrymky-ta-vplyvu-zovnishnopolitychnykh-chynnykiv-na-ukrainu-sichen-2024r<\/a> [in Ukrainian].<\/p>\n

Revkin, M., Alrababah, A., & Myrick, R. (2024). Evidence-Based Transitional Justice: Incorporating Public Opinion into the Field, with New Data from Iraq and Ukraine. The Yale Law Journal, 133, <\/em>1582-1675. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240629025320\/https:\/\/www.yalelawjournal.org\/feature\/evidence-based-transitional-justice-incorporating-public-opinion-into-the-field-with-new-data-from-iraq-and-ukraine<\/a><\/p>\n

Robins, S., et al. (2022). Transitional justice from the margins: Collective reparations and Tunisia’s Truth and Dignity Commission. Political Geography, 94<\/em>. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.polgeo.2021.102565<\/a><\/p>\n

Suh, J. (2023). Human Rights and Corruption in Settling the Accounts of the Past: Transitional Justice Experiences from the Philippines, South Korea, and Indonesia. Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde <\/em>[Journal
\nof the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia], 179(1),<\/em> 61-89.
\nDOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/22134379-bja10049<\/a><\/p>\n

Szablewska, N., & Bachmann, S. D. (2015). Current Issues and Future Challenges in Transitional Justice. In:\u00a0Szablewska, N., & Bachmann, S. D. (eds). Current Issues in Transitional Justice. Springer Series in\u00a0Transitional Justice, 4.<\/em> Springer, Cham. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-09390-1_14<\/a><\/p>\n

Theissen, G. (2004). Supporting Justice, Co-existence and Reconciliation after Armed Conflict: Strategies for\u00a0Dealing with the Past. Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management<\/em>.
\nhttps:\/\/berghof-foundation.org\/files\/publications\/theissen_handbook.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

Thorpe, N. (2001). Atrocity Bodies Come Back To Haunt Serbs. The Guardian<\/em>. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240611063908\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2001\/jun\/22\/warcrimes<\/a><\/p>\n

Ukrainian Helsinki Union for Human Rights (2023). Pisliavoienna amnistiia v Ukraini: yaki zlochyny ne maiut zvilniatysia vid pokarannia?<\/em> [Post-War Amnesty in Ukraine: what Crimes are Exempt from Punishment?] https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231128105825\/https:\/\/www.helsinki.org.ua\/articles\/pisliavoienna-amnistiia-v-ukraini-iaki-zlochyny-ne-maiut-zvilniatysia-vid-pokarannia\/<\/a> [in Ukrainian].<\/p>\n

Ukrainian Helsinki Union for Human Rights (2024). Doslidzhennia \u00abPrava liudyny v protsesi podolannia naslidkiv<\/em> viiny: rezultaty opytuvannia 2024\u00bb<\/em> [Studies “Human Rights in the Process of Overcoming the Consequences of\u00a0War: Results of the 2024 Survey”]. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240609133549\/https:\/\/www.helsinki.org.ua\/publications\/doslidzhennia-prava-liudyny-v-protsesi-podolannia-naslidkiv-viyny-rezultaty-opytuvannia-2024\/<\/a> [in Ukrainian].<\/p>\n

UN (2010). Amendments on the crime of aggression to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.<\/em> https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/pages\/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-10-b&chapter=18&clang=_en<\/a><\/p>\n

Villa-Vicencio, Ch., & Doxtader, E. (2004). Pieces of the Puzzle Edited by Preface by Richard Goldstone Keywords on Reconciliation and Transitional Justice. Institute for Justice and Reconciliation<\/em>. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240307160040\/https:\/\/africanminds.co.za\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/Pieces%20of%20the%20Puzzle%20-%20Keywords%20on%20Reconcilation%20and%20Transitional%20Justice.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

DOI: 10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.3.2 Svitlana Naumkina, ScD in Political Science The State Institution \u201cSouth Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky\u201d, Odesa, Ukraine Oleksii Kokoriev, ScD in Political Science State University of Intellectual Technologies and Communications, Odesa, Ukraine Hanna Yatvetska, PhD in Social Science State University of Intellectual Technologies and… Continue reading → <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2385,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2392","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2392","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2392"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2392\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2404,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2392\/revisions\/2404"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2385"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2392"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}