{"id":2348,"date":"2024-05-08T19:19:25","date_gmt":"2024-05-08T16:19:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/?page_id=2348"},"modified":"2024-05-08T20:03:51","modified_gmt":"2024-05-08T17:03:51","slug":"protecting-nuclear-facilities-in-ukraine-lessons-from-south-asia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/?page_id=2348","title":{"rendered":"Protecting Nuclear Facilities in Ukraine: Lessons from South Asia"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>DOI: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.2.3\">10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.2.3<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Mariia Kurando, Visiting Doctoral Fellow<\/strong><br \/>\n<em>Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg, Germany<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/2024-11-2\/05.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2167\" src=\"http:\/\/eppd13.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/icon72-pdf-eppd.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"72\" height=\"72\" data-id=\"2167\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>How to cite: <\/em><\/strong>Kurando, M. (2024). Protecting Nuclear Facilities in Ukraine: Lessons from South Asia. <em>Evropsk\u00fd politick\u00fd a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed diskurz, 11, 2,<\/em> 28-39. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.2.3\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.2.3<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For more than two years, Russia\u2019s war in Ukraine, its occupation of the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant (ZNPP), and military hostilities in the vicinity of the plant pose an imminent danger to its safe and secure operation. The world witnessed how a previously hypothetical scenario of a state army attacking nuclear facilities has turned into reality. The international community immediately condemned Russia\u2019s actions and called for the protection of the Zaporizhzhia plant, which is the largest in Europe. The occupation of fully operating NPP is unprecedented, and procedures for dealing with such incidents have not been designed. It is primarily connected to the fact that nuclear security usually deals only with threats from non-state actors. However, currently, Ukraine is dealing with the state army and the refusal of the attacking country to withdraw its troops from the plant. The situation at the site remains fragile despite international endeavors and calls for establishing a demilitarized zone around the facility. This triggered a debate on what could be done to protect ZNPP and prevent similar incidents from happening in the future. Experts have advocated for establishing a new, more specific and reliable international legal framework for protecting nuclear facilities. This, however, was met with severe criticism. Despite that, below the multilateral instruments is the bilateral level of cooperation. Thus, the experts also pointed to the example of India and Pakistan and the Agreement on Prohibition of Attacks on Nuclear Installations and Facilities, concluded in 1988, as a path for resolving the Zaporizhzhia crises. However, there is a lack of understanding of under which circumstances it could work for Ukraine and the potential shortcomings. The article aims to examine the effectiveness of the Indo-Pakistani example for Ukraine.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Keywords:<\/strong><\/em> nuclear security, Ukraine, wartime, cooperation, India, Pakistan, CBMs, conflict zone, protection, NPP.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Ahmad, M. (2019<em>). <\/em>Understanding India\u2013Pakistan Relations: Memory Keeps Getting in the Way of History.<em> Jadavpur<\/em><em> Journal of International Relations, 23(1)<\/em>, 69-80. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0973598418804289\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0973598418804289<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Alkis, A. (2022, October, 19). Nuclear Security During Armed Conflict.<em> Stimson Center. <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.stimson.org\/2022\/nuclear-security-during-armed-conflict\/\">https:\/\/www.stimson.org\/2022\/nuclear-security-during-armed-conflict\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Arms Control Association (2024). <em>Chemical Weapons: Frequently Asked Questions<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.armscontrol.org\/factsheets\/Chemical-Weapons-Frequently-Asked-Questions#VI\">https:\/\/www.armscontrol.org\/factsheets\/Chemical-Weapons-Frequently-Asked-Questions#VI<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Benjamin, M. R. (1982). India Said to Eye Raid on Pakistani A-Plants. <em>Washington Post.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/politics\/1982\/12\/20\/india-said-to-eye-raid-on-pakistani-a-plants\/7e30dde5-e97c-45dc-82bb-521dee37a6ac\/\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/archive\/politics\/1982\/12\/20\/india-said-to-eye-raid-on-pakistani-a-plants\/7e30dde5-e97c-45dc-82bb-521dee37a6ac\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Burkhardt, F. (2020). Russia\u2019s \u201cPassportisation\u201d of the Donbas.<em> Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP).<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.swp-berlin.org\/publikation\/russias-passportisation-of-the-donbas\">https:\/\/www.swp-berlin.org\/publikation\/russias-passportisation-of-the-donbas<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Chari, P. R. (2003). Nuclear Crisis, Escalation Control, and Deterrence in South Asia. <em>The Henry L. Stimson Center<\/em><em>.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.stimson.org\/wp-content\/files\/file-attachments\/escalation_chari_1_1.pdf\">https:\/\/www.stimson.org\/wp-content\/files\/file-attachments\/escalation_chari_1_1.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Clary, C. (2024). The 2021 India-Pakistan Ceasefire: Origins, Prospects, and Lessons Learned. <em>The United States Institute of Peace.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430075200\/https:\/www.usip.org\/publications\/2024\/02\/%202021-india-pakistan-ceasefire-origins-prospects-and-lessons-learned\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430075200\/https:\/\/www.usip.org\/publications\/2024\/02\/ 2021-india-pakistan-ceasefire-origins-prospects-and-lessons-learned<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Dixit, J. N. (2002). India-Pakistan in War and Peace (1st ed.). <em>Routledge.<\/em><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/India-Pakistan-in-War-and-Peace\/Dixit\/p\/book\/9780415304726\">https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/India-Pakistan-in-War-and-Peace\/Dixit\/p\/book\/9780415304726<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Effendi, M. S. &amp; Choudhry, I. A. (2016). India-Pakistan CBMs Since 1947. A Critical Analysis. <em>South Asian Studies, 31(1),<\/em> 187-205. <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430075947\/https:\/pu.edu.pk\/images\/journal\/csas\/%20PDF\/13%20Maria%20Saifuddin%20Effendi_v31_no1_jan-jun2016.pdf\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430075947\/https:\/\/pu.edu.pk\/images\/journal\/csas\/ PDF\/13%20Maria%20Saifuddin%20Effendi_v31_no1_jan-jun2016.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Ellyatt, H. (2024, January, 12). Ukraine and Russia Say they Want the War to End. But Military and Political Experts Say They\u2019re Nowhere Near Peace Talks. <em>CNBC.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2024\/01\/12\/ukraine-and-russia-say-they-want-peace-but-theyre-nowhere-near-talks.html\">https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2024\/01\/12\/ukraine-and-russia-say-they-want-peace-but-theyre-nowhere-near-talks.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Euronews (2024, March, 09). <em>Turkey\u2019s Erdogan Offers to Host Ukraine-Russia Peace Talks.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240402210415\/https:\/www.euronews.com\/2024\/03\/09\/zelenskyy-declines-turkeys-offer-to-host-peace-talks-with-russia\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240402210415\/https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/2024\/03\/09\/zelenskyy-declines-turkeys-offer-to-host-peace-talks-with-russia<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Fischer, S. (2022). Peace Talks Between Russia and Ukraine: Mission Impossible. <em>Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.swp-berlin.org\/publikation\/peace-talks-between-russia-and-ukraine-mission-impossible\">https:\/\/www.swp-berlin.org\/publikation\/peace-talks-between-russia-and-ukraine-mission-impossible<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Ghosh, S. (2009). Mumbai Terror Attacks: An Analysis. <em>Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcs.org\/issue_briefs\/issue_brief_pdf\/SR66-Samarjit-Final.pdf\">https:\/\/www.ipcs.org\/issue_briefs\/issue_brief_pdf\/SR66-Samarjit-Final.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Haider, M. W. &amp; Azad, T. M. (2021). The Role of Confidence-Building Measures in the Evolution of Relations between Pakistan and India. <em>World Affairs, 184 (3)<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00438200211030222\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00438200211030222<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Hazan, P. &amp; Milnes-Smith, J. (2024, February, 02). How Peace in Ukraine Might be Negotiated. <em>Chatham House \u2013 International Affairs Think Tank.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/publications\/the-world-today\/2024-02\/how-peace-ukraine-might-be-negotiated\">https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/publications\/the-world-today\/2024-02\/how-peace-ukraine-might-be-negotiated<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Henley, J. (2022, April, 29). Moscow Confirms Attack on Kyiv During UN Chief\u2019s Visit. <em>The Guardian.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430080726\/https:\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/apr\/29\/russia-carries-out-airstrike-on-kyiv-during-un-chief-visit-ukraine-antonio-guterres\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430080726\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/apr\/29\/russia-carries-out-airstrike-on-kyiv-during-un-chief-visit-ukraine-antonio-guterres<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">IAEA (2022a). <em>Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguards in Ukraine. 2nd Summary Report by the Director General. 28 April-5 September 2022 <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240416161940\/https:\/www.iaea.org\/sites\/default\/files\/22\/09\/ukraine-2ndsummaryreport_sept2022.pdf\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240416161940\/https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/sites\/default\/files\/22\/09\/ukraine-2ndsummaryreport_sept2022.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">IAEA (2022b). <em>Update 96 \u2013 IAEA Director General Statement on Situation in Ukraine<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240208055625\/https:\/www.iaea.org\/newscenter\/pressreleases\/update-96-iaea-director-general-statement-on-situation-in-ukraine\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240208055625\/https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/newscenter\/pressreleases\/update-96-iaea-director-general-statement-on-situation-in-ukraine<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">IAEA (2023a). <em>IAEA Director General Statement to United Nations Security Council<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430081333\/https:\/www.iaea.org\/newscenter\/statements\/iaea-director-general-statement-to-united-nations-security-council-30-may-2023\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430081333\/https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/newscenter\/statements\/iaea-director-general-statement-to-united-nations-security-council-30-may-2023<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">IAEA (2023b). <em>IAEA Missions Established at all Nuclear Power Plants Across Ukraine.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/newscenter\/multimedia\/videos\/iaea-missions-established-at-all-nuclear-power-plants-across-ukraine\">https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/newscenter\/multimedia\/videos\/iaea-missions-established-at-all-nuclear-power-plants-across-ukraine<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">IAEA (2024). <em>Update 216 \u2013 IAEA Director General Statement on Situation in Ukraine.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240420151855\/https:\/www.iaea.org\/newscenter\/pressreleases\/update-216-iaea-director-general-statement-on-situation-in-ukraine\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240420151855\/https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/newscenter\/pressreleases\/update-216-iaea-director-general-statement-on-situation-in-ukraine<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Idowu, S. A. (2023). Transforming Escalation to Negotiation: Rethinking Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs) in the Ongoing Russia-Ukraine War. <em>Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(6)<\/em>, 1-14. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37745\/gjahss.2013\/vol11n6114\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37745\/gjahss.2013\/vol11n6114<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Khripunov, I. (2018, July, 06). Nuclear Safety vs Security: Can the Two Cultures be Harmonized? <em>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430084423\/https:\/thebulletin.org\/2018\/07\/nuclear-safety-vs-security-can-the-two-cultures-be-harmonized\/\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430084423\/https:\/\/thebulletin.org\/2018\/07\/nuclear-safety-vs-security-can-the-two-cultures-be-harmonized\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Lister, T., Voitivych, O., McCarthy, S. &amp; Kolirin, L. (2022). Ukrainian Nuclear Power Plant Attack Condemned as\u00a0Russian Troops \u2018Occupy\u2019 Facility. <em>CNN.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240321082918\/https:\/edition.cnn.com\/2022\/03\/03\/europe\/zaporizhzhia-nuclear-power-plant-fire-ukraine-intl-hnk\/index.html\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240321082918\/https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2022\/03\/03\/europe\/zaporizhzhia-nuclear-power-plant-fire-ukraine-intl-hnk\/index.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Madsen, M. A. (2022, August, 29). IAEA Support and Assistance Mission Sets Out to Zaporizhzhya Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. <em>IAEA<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230929225123\/https:\/www.iaea.org\/newscenter\/news\/iaea-support-and-assistance-mission-sets-out-to-zaporizhzhya-nuclear-power-plant-in-ukraine\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230929225123\/https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/newscenter\/news\/iaea-support-and-assistance-mission-sets-out-to-zaporizhzhya-nuclear-power-plant-in-ukraine<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Malik, M. S. (2019). Pakistan-India Relations: An Analytical Perspective of Peace Efforts. <em>Strategic Studies, 39(1),<\/em> 59-76. <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240330143630\/https:\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/48544288\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240330143630\/https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/48544288<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Mason, S. J. A. &amp; Siegfried, M. (2013). Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) in Peace Processes. <em>African Union and the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 1,<\/em> 57-77. <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211124003139\/https:\/peacemediation.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/AU-Handbook_Confidence-Building-Measures-in-Peace-Processes.pdf\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211124003139\/https:\/\/peacemediation.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/AU-Handbook_Confidence-Building-Measures-in-Peace-Processes.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Misson, F. A. (2022). Pakistan-India Relations: A Critical Appraisal of Power Politics. Strategic Studies, <em>42(2)<\/em>, 54-71. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53532\/ss.042.02.00131\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53532\/ss.042.02.00131<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Moore, G. M. (2022, March, 06). How International Law Applies to Attacks on Nuclear and Associated Facilities in Ukraine. <em>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240328235239\/https:\/thebulletin.org\/2022\/03\/how-international-law-applies-to-attacks-on-nuclear-and-associated-facilities-in-ukraine\/\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240328235239\/https:\/\/thebulletin.org\/2022\/03\/how-international-law-applies-to-attacks-on-nuclear-and-associated-facilities-in-ukraine\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Nair, A. &amp; Basu, A. (2021). Confidence-Building Measures and Norm Diffusion in South Asia. <em>Observer Research Foundation<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430092257\/https:\/www.orfonline.org\/research\/confidence-building-measures-and-norm-diffusion-in-south-asia\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430092257\/https:\/\/www.orfonline.org\/research\/confidence-building-measures-and-norm-diffusion-in-south-asia<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Nichols, M. &amp; Faulconbridge, G. (2023, July, 18). Black Sea Grain Deal Expires after Russia Quits. <em>Reuters.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240308175504\/https:\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/black-sea-grain-deal-expire-monday-if-russia-quits-2023-07-17\/\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240308175504\/https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/black-sea-grain-deal-expire-monday-if-russia-quits-2023-07-17\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Onderco, M. &amp; Egger, C. (2022, December, 05). Why a New Convention to Protect Nuclear Installations in War is a Bad Idea. <em>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240215000706\/https:\/thebulletin.org\/2022\/12\/why-a-new-convention-to-protect-nuclear-installations-in-war-is-a-bad-idea\/\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240215000706\/https:\/\/thebulletin.org\/2022\/12\/why-a-new-convention-to-protect-nuclear-installations-in-war-is-a-bad-idea\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Pathania, J. M. (2021). Military Confidence Building Measures between India and Pakistan: An Analysis. <em>Centre for Land Warfare Studies. <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221016061547\/https:\/www.claws.in\/static\/IB-284_Military-Confidence-Building-Measures-between-India-and-Pakistan-An-Analysis.pdf\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221016061547\/https:\/\/www.claws.in\/static\/IB-284_Military-Confidence-Building-Measures-between-India-and-Pakistan-An-Analysis.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Psaledakis, D. &amp; Mohammed, A. (2023). Russia, Ukraine Fail to Embrace IAEA Plan to Protect Nuclear Plant. <em>Reuters.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240110195011\/https:\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/un-nuclear-watchdog-asks-russia-ukraine-protect-zaporizhzhia-plant-2023-05-30\/\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240110195011\/https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/un-nuclear-watchdog-asks-russia-ukraine-protect-zaporizhzhia-plant-2023-05-30\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Reuters (2022). <em>Zelenskiy Decree Rules out Ukraine Talks with Putin as \u201cimpossible\u201d.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240409080829\/https:\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/zelenskiy-decree-rules-out-ukraine-talks-with-putin-impossible-2022-10-04\/\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240409080829\/https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/zelenskiy-decree-rules-out-ukraine-talks-with-putin-impossible-2022-10-04\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Reuters (2023, December 20). <em>Kremlin Says there is no Basis for Peace Negotiations with Ukraine.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430084814\/https:\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/kremlin-says-there-is-no-basis-negotiations-with-ukraine-2023-12-20\/\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430084814\/https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/kremlin-says-there-is-no-basis-negotiations-with-ukraine-2023-12-20\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Rodriguez, L. &amp; Sukin, L. (2022, October, 28). Russian Actions at Zaporizhzhia Show Need for Better Legal Protections of Nuclear Installations. <em>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240417213658\/https:\/thebulletin.org\/2022\/10\/russian-actions-at-zaporizhzhia-show-need-for-better-legal-protections-of-nuclear-installations\/\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240417213658\/https:\/\/thebulletin.org\/2022\/10\/russian-actions-at-zaporizhzhia-show-need-for-better-legal-protections-of-nuclear-installations\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Roth, A. &amp; Koshiw, I. (2022, September, 30). Putin Signs Decrees Paving Way for Annexing Ukraine Territories of Kherson and Zaporizhzhia. <em>The Guardian.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230902023433\/https:\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/sep\/29\/putin-to-sign-treaty-annexing-territories-in-ukraine-kremlin-says\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230902023433\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/sep\/29\/putin-to-sign-treaty-annexing-territories-in-ukraine-kremlin-says<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Saadia, H. &amp; Ladhu R. Choudhary Matamis, J. (2023, November, 15). Institutionalizing Nuclear Confidence Building Measures between India and Pakistan. <em>Stimson Center<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231127213249\/https:\/www.stimson.org\/2023\/institutionalizing-nuclear-confidence-building-measures-between-india-and-pakistan\/\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231127213249\/https:\/\/www.stimson.org\/2023\/institutionalizing-nuclear-confidence-building-measures-between-india-and-pakistan\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Sattar, A. (2007). <em>Pakistan\u2019s Foreign Policy 1947-2009 A Concise History.<\/em> Oxford University Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240217174011\/https:\/www.sanipanhwar.com\/Pakistans%20Foreign%20Policy%201947%202009.pdf\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240217174011\/https:\/\/www.sanipanhwar.com\/Pakistans%20Foreign%20Policy%201947%202009.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Schumann, A. (2022, November, 16). The Brasstacks Crisis. <em>Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240227005625\/https:\/armscontrolcenter.org\/the-brasstacks-crisis\/\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240227005625\/https:\/\/armscontrolcenter.org\/the-brasstacks-crisis\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The Hindu (2016, September, 28). <em>SAARC Summit to be Cancelled.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231215114438\/https:\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/After-India-Bangladesh-Bhutan-pull-out-of-SAARC-summit\/article55913264.ece\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231215114438\/https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/After-India-Bangladesh-Bhutan-pull-out-of-SAARC-summit\/article55913264.ece<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The Hindu (2024, January, 01). <em>India, Pakistan Conduct Annual Exchange of List of Nuclear Installations.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430082815\/https:\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/india-pakistan-conduct-annual-exchange-of-list-of-nuclear-installations\/article67695206.ece\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430082815\/https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/national\/india-pakistan-conduct-annual-exchange-of-list-of-nuclear-installations\/article67695206.ece<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Tobias, B. &amp; Peter, L. (2022, August, 05). Zaporizhzhia: Russian Rockets Damaged Part of Nuclear Plant, Ukraine Says. <em>BBC<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240416161948\/https:\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-62432873\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240416161948\/https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-62432873<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">UN News (2024, February, 23). <em>\u2018High Time for Peace\u2019, UN Chief Says, as Russia\u2019s Full-Scale Invasion of Ukraine Enters Third Year<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430081037\/https:\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2024\/02\/1146912\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430081037\/https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2024\/02\/1146912<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">UN Peacemaker (1999). <em>The Lahore Declaration. <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240422192513\/https:\/peacemaker.un.org\/sites\/peacemaker.un.org\/files\/IN%20PK_990221_The%20Lahore%20Declaration.pdf\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240422192513\/https:\/\/peacemaker.un.org\/sites\/peacemaker.un.org\/files\/IN%20PK_990221_The%20Lahore%20Declaration.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations (1966). <em>Tashkent Declaration.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231005074821\/https:\/peacemaker.un.org\/sites\/peacemaker.un.org\/files\/IN%20PK_660110_TashkentDeclaration.pdf\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231005074821\/https:\/\/peacemaker.un.org\/sites\/peacemaker.un.org\/files\/IN%20PK_660110_TashkentDeclaration.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations (2022). <em>Secretary-General Says Russian Federation\u2019s Recognition of \u2018Independent\u2019 Donetsk, Luhansk Violate Ukraine\u2019s Sovereignty, Territorial Integrity<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240115000336\/https:\/press.un.org\/en\/2022\/sgsm21153.doc.htm\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240115000336\/https:\/\/press.un.org\/en\/2022\/sgsm21153.doc.htm<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations Peacekeeping (2024). <em>India-Pakistan Observation Mission (UNIPOM) &#8211; Background<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240427051810\/https:\/peacekeeping.un.org\/mission\/past\/unipombackgr.html\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240427051810\/https:\/\/peacekeeping.un.org\/mission\/past\/unipombackgr.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">United Nations Peacemake (1972). <em>Agreement Between the Government of India and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on Bilateral Relations (Simla Agreement)<\/em>. <a href=\"https:\/\/peacemaker.un.org\/sites\/peacemaker.un.org\/files\/IN%20PK_720702_Simla%20Agreement.pdf\">https:\/\/peacemaker.un.org\/sites\/peacemaker.un.org\/files\/IN%20PK_720702_Simla%20Agreement.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Watling, J. &amp; Reynolds, N. (2024, February, 13). <em>Russian Military Objectives and Capacity in Ukraine Through 2024.<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430022943\/https:\/www.rusi.org\/explore-our-research\/publications\/commentary\/russian-military-objectives-and-capacity-ukraine-through-2024\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240430022943\/https:\/\/www.rusi.org\/explore-our-research\/publications\/commentary\/russian-military-objectives-and-capacity-ukraine-through-2024<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Ziring, L. (1980). Pakistan, the Enigma of Political Development. Folkestone, Kent: Dawson; Boulder, Colo: Westview. <em>Internet Archive<\/em>. <a href=\"http:\/\/archive.org\/details\/pakistanenigmaof0000ziri\">http:\/\/archive.org\/details\/pakistanenigmaof0000ziri<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>DOI: 10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.2.3 Mariia Kurando, Visiting Doctoral Fellow Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg, Germany How to cite: Kurando, M. (2024). Protecting Nuclear Facilities in Ukraine: Lessons from South Asia. Evropsk\u00fd politick\u00fd a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed diskurz, 11, 2, 28-39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46340\/eppd.2024.11.2.3 &nbsp; Abstract For more than two&#8230; <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/?page_id=2348\"> Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr; <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2331,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2348","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2348","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2348"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2348\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2350,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2348\/revisions\/2350"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2331"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eppd13.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2348"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}